China has, for the first time, publicly disclosed the technical specifications of its Type 094 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, offering rare insight into a central pillar of the country’s expanding sea-based nuclear deterrent.
The revelation came during an open day event to commemorate the 76th anniversary of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Display posters revealed that the Jin-class submarine has a submerged displacement of 11,000 tonnes, a maximum speed of 30 knots, and can operate at depths of up to 400 metres. These figures surpass previous external estimates, which had suggested a submerged displacement of 9,000 tonnes, a top speed of 20 knots, and a diving capability of 300 metres.
Measuring approximately 135 metres in length and 13 metres in width, the Type 094 also has a surface displacement of 8,000 tonnes. It is equipped with 12 JL-2 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), each armed with nuclear warheads and a range of roughly 7,000 kilometres—capable of reaching parts of the United States from waters near China’s coast.
The unveiling marks the first time the Chinese military has confirmed specific details of the Type 094 since the submarine class entered service in 2007. It has appeared in naval parades in 2018 and 2019 but remained largely shrouded in secrecy until now.
According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the Type 094 is regarded as China’s first credible sea-based leg of its nuclear triad, complementing its land-based missiles and air-delivered nuclear weapons. At least six of the submarines are believed to be in operation, with more reportedly under construction.
Recent improvements have also addressed a long-standing issue with acoustic stealth. Chinese ballistic submarines had previously been criticized for excessive noise, making them easier to detect. The improved Type 094A variant, in service since 2020, is said to be significantly quieter and equipped with more advanced JL-3 missiles, which boast an extended range of over 10,000 kilometres—putting virtually all of the U.S. mainland within striking distance from the South China Sea.
Looking ahead, China is actively developing the next-generation Type 096 submarine, which is expected to be even quieter and more capable. The Pentagon’s 2024 report on China’s military suggests the new submarines may carry up to 24 JL-3 missiles and could enter service in the late 2020s or early 2030s.
Unlike conventional attack submarines used for tactical naval engagements, ballistic missile submarines like the Type 094 are designed to operate independently and remain hidden at sea for extended periods. Powered by nuclear reactors and requiring no external oxygen or frequent refuelling, they serve as a stealthy and persistent second-strike capability in the event of nuclear conflict.
