If there were a discussion on the art of living, many people would enthusiastically participate and listen to the views of experts. On the other hand, if there were a discussion on the art of dying, very few would be willing to listen. The reality is that no one likes the word “death” and most try to avoid any thoughts on the subject. When a close relative or friend passes away, the mourners and loved ones feel sorrow. However, they tend to believe that their own end is not imminent. Nevertheless, in the subconscious mind, the fear of death persists at all times.
The Origin of Religions
From time immemorial, deep thinkers across the world have pondered the process of death and strived to understand the purpose of life—where one is born from and where one goes after death. Over the centuries, various religions have emerged based on the contemplations of such profound thinkers.
While the founders of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Jainism are known, and the approximate periods of their founding are documented, no one knows who founded Hinduism or when it was established. Devout followers of Hinduism often believe that the religion was bestowed by God Himself.
What is clear is that the fundamental philosophy and approach of Hindu scriptures have evolved over centuries, shaped by deep thinkers (revered as saints and rishis in India). These teachings have been refined and explained further by generations of scholars. While it is widely accepted that Hinduism has evolved over time, some believe it continues to adapt in harmony with advancements in science, technology, and global developments. The call of Bhagwan Sri Ramana Maharshi for self-inquiry—”Who am I?”—is an example of such ongoing refinement.
However, it is also evident that the core tenets of Hinduism have remained unchanged and uncorrupted for centuries.
The Tenets of Hinduism
Scriptures such as the Vedas and Upanishads articulate the fundamental tenets of Hinduism with clarity and conviction. These principles are further illustrated in the two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which were composed by deep thinkers with extraordinary wisdom.
These epics depict human behaviour in diverse circumstances and convey the essence of Hindu philosophy, exemplified by Lord Rama’s actions and Lord Krishna’s pronouncements in the Bhagavad Gita during the battle between the Pandavas and Kauravas. These epics, rooted in Hindu principles, serve as a guide to living a life of bliss and eternal happiness.
In subsequent periods, great Hindu saints such as Adi Shankara, Ramanuja, and Madhvacharya, along with several scholars writing in regional Indian languages—such as Manickavasagar and Thirunavukkarasar in Tamil—further elaborated on these principles, making them accessible even to those unfamiliar with Sanskrit scriptures.
In more recent times, revered Hindu philosophers like Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Bhagwan Sri Ramana Maharshi, and the Kanchi Paramacharya have contextualised these teachings to align with evolving socio-economic conditions and the aspirations of the common man.
Hindu scriptures discuss the existence of Paramatma (God, the Almighty) and Jeevatma (the individual soul), stressing that the Jeevatma must ultimately merge with Paramatma—a goal that every individual should seek to attain.
Hinduism emphasises a life of detachment, goodwill towards all, adherence to moral and ethical values, and the avoidance of ego and hatred. These attributes constitute Sanatana Dharma, the eternal way of life.
Throughout the centuries, saints and scholars have consistently emphasised that individuals must surrender themselves to the Almighty. God is to be realised within one’s own mind—a process that can be simple for a sincere seeker who engages in meditation and self-inquiry. This realisation leads to inner peace, a state beautifully described in Hinduism as Ananda (mental bliss).
Critical Views
Hinduism describes God in many names and forms, often associated with various stories and events. While some critics question this diversity, those with a deeper understanding of Hindu philosophy recognise that Hinduism advocates only one Almighty.
The multiple representations of God in Hinduism cater to the varied mental inclinations of individuals, allowing them to focus on a particular deity that resonates with them. A devotee who prays to Lord Rama perceives Him as the Almighty, just as one who prays to Lord Krishna experiences Him as the Supreme Being. This personalised form of devotion helps individuals maintain a strong spiritual connection.
Some critics question whether the events of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata truly occurred. However, such inquiries are inconsequential. What matters most are the ideals and moral values enshrined in these epics, which provide guidance on righteous living. For devotees, Lord Rama and Lord Krishna are manifestations of the Almighty, and that belief is what truly holds significance.
The Cycle of Life and Death
While some religions assert that after death, a person either ascends to heaven or descends to hell based on their deeds, Hinduism presents the concept of reincarnation.
The Hindu philosophy of Karma (actions) explains the cycle of birth and death, stating that one’s actions in life determine their future births. By leading a virtuous life guided by Sanatana Dharma, an individual can ultimately transcend the cycle of rebirth and merge with Paramatma (God).
Standing the Test of Time
The profound wisdom embedded in Hindu scriptures, refined over centuries, has withstood the test of time and will continue to do so.
These teachings have provided spiritual fulfilment to billions of people worldwide, offering clarity on the mysteries of life and the afterlife.
For countless seekers, the principles of Hinduism represent the most comprehensive and deeply researched explanations of the human experience, life’s purpose, and the journey beyond.
